Материнская депрессия и развитие регуляторных функций ребенка: обзор зарубежных исследований

Аннотация

Актуальность. По разным оценкам, от 3 до 60% матерей по всему миру страдают депрессией, которая зачастую не диагностируется и не лечится. При этом все больше исследований подтверждают негативное воздействие материнской депрессии на развитие регуляторных функций детей. Ввиду того, что по мере роста ребенка нарушения все менее обратимы, важно понимание механизмов негативного воздействия материнской депрессии на развитие регуляторных функций ребенка для определения периодов, когда вмешательства будут наиболее критичны и эффективны.

Цель: Провести обзор зарубежных исследований, посвященных механизмам негативного воздействия пренатальной, послеродовой и хронической материнской депрессии на развитие регуляторных функций ребенка.

Методы. Поиск статей по теме производился с помощью ресурсов PubMed, Research Gate, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect по ключевым словам «maternal depression», «postpartum depression», «prenatal depression», «antenatal depression» в сочетании с «child executive functions». В обзор были включены публикации на английском языке не ранее 2008 года, содержащие перечисленные выше ключевые слова.

Результаты. Материнская депрессия во время беременности вызывает изменения в префронтальной коре и в работе гипоталамо-гипофизарно-надпочечниковой оси плода. Основными факторами воздействия послеродовой и хронической депрессии матери на развитие регуляторных функций детей являются стрессовая, хаотичная среда, сниженная материнская чувствительность, более частое использование интрузивного стиля взаимодействия с ребенком. Кроме того, у детей матерей, страдающих депрессией, чаще развиваются психические заболевания и чаще формируется избегающий стиль социального взаимодействия, что также может замедлять их когнитивное развитие. Большинство исследователей отмечают, что важен не столько период возникновения депрессии (во время беременности или после родов), сколько ее интенсивность и хроническое течение.

Выводы. Представленный обзор позволяет сделать вывод о важности своевременного выявления и лечения материнской депрессии, а также интервенций, направленных на улучшение взаимодействия между матерью и ребенком.

Литература

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