Theoretical and Experimental Psychology. 2025. 1.

Background. The introduction of robotic technologies into various aspects of life and activity inevitably raises questions about human-robot interaction and attitudes toward robots as participants in these interactions. Currently, there are few experimental studies examining the dynamics of attitudes toward robots during real-world interactions.

Objectives. The study had its purpose to investigate the impact of interaction with a social robot VitruBot and the influence of interaction format (professional, free, and observational) on the dynamics of negative attitudes and anxiety toward robots.

Study Participants. The study involved 106 participants (80 in the experimental group and 26 in the control group), all of whom were practicing doctors (M = 39.5 years, SD = 8.7).

Methods. The study consisted of both an experimental and a survey component. In the experimental component, participants in the experimental group interacted with the social robot VitruBot across three formats: professional, free, and observational, and subsequently completed questionnaires. Participants in the control group took part only in the survey. The study implemented the Negative Attitude Toward Robots Scale and the Anxiety Scale Toward Robots.

Results. The analysis of experimental data demonstrated: as a result of interaction with the VirtuBot, the negative attitude towards such interaction increases, while the assessment of the social influence of robots and the emotional aspects of interaction with them improves. Interaction with a robot also increases anxiety regarding the communicative characteristics of both the robot and the person interacting with it. The professional format of human-robot interaction helps to reduce the emotional and behavioral components of the negative attitudes to robots. The formats of free communication with robots and observation of the human-robot interaction increase the negative attitudes to robots and anxiety about interaction with them.

Conclusions. Interaction with robots contributes to a reduction of negative attitudes toward them but increases anxiety about interaction with robots in general. The format of interaction—whether professional, free, or observational—emerges as a significant factor influencing changes in the negative attitudes and anxiety associated with human-robot interactions. The presented experimental study expands our understanding of the specifics of attitudes towards robots, positive and negative perceptions of them, and describes the dynamics of attitudes towards robots during direct interaction with them.

Background. Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies are advancing at an incredible pace, becoming accessible to users. Many on-line services generate photographs, opening opportunities for the creation of deepfake images. Understanding the factors that enhance an individual’s ability to recognize AI-generated images is important for ensuring information security. It is equally important to explore the psychological characteristics that enable individuals to adapt to new technologies.

Objectives. To investigate the relationship between communicative personality characteristics and the ability to distinguish AI-generated images from real photographs.

Study Participants. The study involved 96 respondents aged 18 to 58 years, students and specialists of various profiles (m — 33, f — 63, Mage — 22,27, SD — 7,87).

Methods. The study employed two questionnaires: the Emotional Empathy Test (Y. Orlov, Y. Emelyanov) and the Sociability Assessment Test (V. Ryakhovsky). Stimuli included real photographs and AI-generated images (Kandinsky 2.2, the resource thispersondoesnotexist.com, based on the StyleGAN model).

Results. The study revealed no significant relationship between empathy and sociability and the variable “generation recognition efficiency”. A statistically significant relationship was found between the success in identifying photographs and the variable “experience in interacting with AI”.

Conclusions. Levels of empathy and sociability are not related to the ability to recognize AI-generated images. However, the individuals previously interacting with AI recognize such content more effectively than those having no similar experience. These individuals are better equipped to detect the use of AI by malicious actors. The results obtained in the study contribute to research of AI perception and interaction.

Background. The concept of “competence” was introduced into the psychology of intelligence in the 1970s as an alternative to the test approach to studying mental abilities, but until now it has been used primarily in the business environment and in pedagogy. In our study, we attempted to bring the concept of “competency” back to intelligence research and defined intellectual competencies (ICs) as relatively stable patterns of individual cognitive behavior that manifest in the process of solving cognitive tasks and ultimately lead to finding the respective solutions.

Objectives. The study had its purpose to test the following hypotheses: 1) manifestations of ICs while solving cognitive tasks of different types correlate positively with success in finding the solutions for these tasks; 2) manifestations of ICs are characterized by trans-situational stability; 3) manifestations of ICs correlate positively with psychometric IQ and conceptual abilities.

Study Participants. 49 self-reported healthy adult volunteers (29 females; aged 18–49, Меan = 22) participated in the study.

Methods. Participants were administered J. Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices and M.A. Kholodnaya’s Generalization of Three Words and Conceptual Synthesis tests. Then, they solved two cognitive tasks (one propositional and one performative). The efficiency of each solution as well as manifestations of ICs during the solving process were assessed through expert evaluation.

Results. Participants who manifested ICs known as “transformative efforts”, “ability to compose conceptual gestalts based on past experiences” and “active information acquisition” demonstrated greater success when solving cognitive tasks of both types compared to participants who did not manifest these ICs. Differences in manifestations of ICs while solving tasks of different types were found for “transformative efforts” only. Conceptual (categorial) abilities of participants who manifested “active information acquisition” when solving both tasks were higher than those of participants who did not manifest this IC. No difference in the levels of conceptual abilities and IQ was found between participants who did manifest ICs in the process of solving cognitive tasks and those who did not.

Conclusions. ICs are an independent psychological formation which is not directly based on either IQ or conceptual abilities. This may be related to the existence of “core” and “peripheral” ICs which remains to be addressed in the future studies.

Background. The formation of value orientations in the process of socialization of the individual occurs in various spheres, among the most significant ones in student youth is the sphere of social activity.

Objectives. The purpose of the study is to investigate the value effects of students' social activity.

Study Participants. The study involved 392 full-time students of higher education institutions aged 17–22 years (mean age M = 19.32 SD = 1.6, male (38%) and female (62%).

Methods. The study implemented the methodology aimed at establishing students' commitment to various forms of social activity (Shamionov et al., 2020, 2023). To assess the severity of the value orientations the “Values Portrait Questionnaire” was used (Schwartz et al., 2012).

Results. Family and everyday activity in conjunction with religious activity serves as the basis for supporting the value orientation towards preservation while in conjunction with spiritual and ecological activity — towards self-overcoming. Spiritual, leisure, sports and health forms of activity serve as the basis for supporting the orientation towards openness to change. The effect of the implementation of professional, Internet network, leisure activity is the value orientation towards self-affirmation.

Conclusions. The value orientations towards preservation, self-affirmation, self-overcoming and openness to change are determined by the joint variation of individual commitment to different forms of social activity. Taking them into account in the organization of educational work at the university allows for prognosing and planning the formation/development of students’ value orientations.

Background. For the first time in psychology, the question of the time perspective of personality was posed by K. Levin, and the term was introduced into scientific use by L. Frankl at the beginning of the last century. However, to date, there is no single understanding of this phenomenon, while there are a great many approaches to its understanding and interpretation. Thus, the concept of the time perspective of personality is quite ambiguous, and studies of time perspective are very diverse and are found in various problem areas of science, which determines the relevance of analyzing this phenomenon at the present stage.

Objectives. The study had its purpose to conduct a conceptual and categorial analysis of the term “time perspective of personality” in foreign and domestic psychology.

Methods. TThe conceptual and categorical analysis was conducted by means of the historical-prospective method to a depth of 50 years. The study considered publications of authors on the temporal perspective of personality in the period from 1974 to 2024, who gave contradictory definitions of this term or brought something new to its semantic field.

Results. The study analyzed the works of 28 authors, of which 13 are domestic, 15 are foreign. Their scientific positions in relation to the phenomenon under study are considered in the article in chronological order.

Conclusions. The presented approaches relate the phenomenon of the temporal perspective of personality to intra-personal constructs, the need-motivational sphere of personality, cognitive constructs, the sphere of perception, cognitive abilities, etc. The system-forming factor of the phenomenon is personality, although its specification and its significance in the structure of personality remains a controversial issue to this day.

Background. The problem of parents and children remains relevant at all times. Professionals working with families in counseling practice every day face with the need to find professional answers to the questions posed to them. These issues often relate to the mutual expectations of parents and children. But with all the variety of studies on child-parent relations, the system of role expectations in these relationships has hardly been studied.

Objectives. To develop a functional model of role expectations in child-parent relationships.

Study Participants. The study involved 142 respondents aged 18 to 62 years who contacted a psychologist with a request to optimize child-parent relations.

Methods. The study was performed on the basis of a diagnostic conversation by means of the author’s ad hoc questionnaire “Semi-structured unfinished sentences”. To develop a model of role expectations in child-parent relations, the categorial method “Celtic Cross” was used, reflecting the possible states of an object in the form of four squares and allowing to trace the transitions of an object from one state to another. The method makes it possible to fully comprehend the interconnectedness and interdependence of the elements highlighted in the object.

Results. A functional model of role expectations in child-parent relations has been developed in the form of the coordinate system indicating “guilt” on the vertical axis and “resentment” on the horizontal axis. The model helps to explain the causes, the course of development and the devastating consequences of mutual resentment and guilt between parents and children, which opens up the prospects for developing a mechanism for optimizing child-parent relations.

Conclusions. The functional model of role expectations in child-parent relations obtained in the study can become the basis for further theoretical research and practical developments in the field of family psychology and counseling practice.

Background. In the era of technological transformations, the conditions of social interaction are becoming more complex, which makes it necessary to study the communicative behavior of adolescents and young people in the digital social environment.

Objectives. The study had its purpose to investigate the peculiarities of the communicative activity of adolescents and students in the digital social environment.

Study Participants. A total of 318 people took part in the study: in 2022 — 156 pupils of secondary schools (35 boys and 121 girls) aged 16–17, in 2024 — 162 students of higher educational institutions (18 boys and 144 girls) aged 17 to 22 years.

Methods. The study was carried out in two stages over two years (2022–2024) by means of cross-sectional surveys and questionnaires. The survey provided data on the average daily screen time of participants' mobile electronic devices: the screen time over the past day, as well as the screen time spent on messengers and social networks Telegram, VKontakte and others.

Results. It has been established that the main communications in the digital social environment among students occur mainly in messengers and social networks. Communication trend is shifting to the Telegram messenger. The average daily screen time of teenagers and students on smartphones has increased significantly between 2022 and 2024, and among the total average daily screen time, the time share spent on social networks and messengers was also higher in 2024.

Conclusions. The study revealed certain differences in the communicative activity of adolescents and students in the 2022 and 2024 in two main directions. Firstly, the analysis of screen time indicates an increase in communicative activity mediated by the digital environment, which may indicate a decrease in the direct communicative component of communication. Secondly, there is a shift in the preferences when using instant messengers and social networks from communicating in various instant messengers and social networks in approximately equal shares in 2022 to the predominant use of the Telegram messenger in 2024.

Background. The increasing incidence of stroke among young individuals challenges its traditional understanding as of an age-associated disease. The general lack of familiarity with this issue among not only neurologists but also other specialists underscores its importance and indicates that it is understudied. In 15–40% of cases, the cause of stroke in young people remains undetermined. Special scientific interest is directed towards various (including long-term) consequences of cerebrovascular accidents in the young, primarily affecting the cognitive and emotional-personal realms. These consequences are crucial in the context of the patients' working and reproductive age, impacting their quality of life.

Objectives. To review domestic and foreign publications on the problem of stroke at a young age, analyze the available clinical and psychological data and identify promising areas of neuropsychological research on the problem.

Methods. Comparative method, a combination of methods for text analysis, analysis of clinical psychological data.

Results. A review of articles indicates that the first neuropsychological studies of young patients with strokes date back to the 1970s and 1980s. According to scientific publications, younger stroke patients have a better prognosis for physical and cognitive rehabilitation compared to older age groups. Yet, the specifics of cognitive impairments are often noted but not analyzed in depth. However, many studies focus on the issues related to professional and social adaptation of these patients.

Conclusions. Stroke in young individuals features distinct neuropsychological impairments compared to those in older and elderly age groups. These neuropsychological consequences require further research and may relate to the cognitive sphere of individuals. There is a need to standardize methodological approaches in stroke research among young people to improve data comparability and develop more effective diagnostic and treatment methods. Additionally, there is a demand for developing and adapting diagnostic tools that can detect subtle symptoms of cognitive impairments in young patients. This, in turn, will allow for linking specific cognitive deficits to difficulties in professional and social adaptation.