Theoretical and Experimental Psychology. 2025. 2.

Background. A certain similarity in the attitude to the world inherent both in a child and an artist has long been noted, but the psychological essence of this similarity has not been sufficiently understood.

Objective. The study had its purpose to approximate understanding the phenomenon of similarity in the "childish" and "artistic" attitude to the world, which is significant for both the psychology of creativity and the pedagogy of art.

Methods. Analysis of literature on the problem and the author's experimental research data.

Results. It is shown that for children, as well as for artists, a significant basis for generalization is the emotional-evaluative attitude to objects, conditioned by the perception of their specific sensuous appearance. From this point of view, the features of a child's complex thinking act as favorable prerequisites for artistic development. The study highlighted the importance of children's animism as a prerequisite for the artist's ability to comprehend the internal unity of phenomena and his own complicity to them. In the context of the problems under discussion, the analysis considers understanding of the types of human attitude to the world in the works of I.P. Pavlov and priest Pavel Florensky.

Conclusions. The similarity between the psychological essence of a child and an artist is rooted in a sense of unity with the world and the kinship of all phenomena among themselves.

Background. In recent years, more and more Chinese schoolchildren choose to study Russian. However, the previous concepts and methods of teaching Russian, unable to meet demands of society and the state's requirements for training specialists capable of developing cooperation with Russia in the political, economic, cultural, and educational spheres. The State standard of the curriculum for the subject "Russian Language" for senior grades of secondary schools (hereinafter referred to as the Standard) of the 2017 edition, developed by the Ministry of Education of the PRC, has been in effect for more than 5 years. Analysis of implementing the new conceptual principles underlying its new edition is highly relevant for further improvement of the model of teaching Russian in Chinese schools.

Objective. The study had its purpose to evaluate the effectiveness of the implementation of the competence-based approach to teaching Russian in senior grades of secondary school in the PRC.

Study Participants. The study involved 279 Russian language teachers from 130 Chinese schools, of which 245 were women (88.77%).

Methods. The study used the methods of theoretical analysis, survey, and statistical data processing.

Results. The content analysis of the new Standard showed the importance of forming the key competencies to improve the quality of education and the students' personality development. The normative document for the first time defined four key competencies to be developed in students within the framework of their mastering the Russian language in senior grades of Chinese schools. An analysis of the results of a survey of Chinese Russian language teachers showed that about 90% of them highly rate its effectiveness in organizing Russian language teaching in senior grades of secondary school.

Conclusions. The Standard (2017) substantiated that, in order to ensure the comprehensive personality development of young people and improve the quality of education, teaching Russian in Chinese schools should aim to develop the key competencies. The structure of the curriculum reflects the variability of educational trajectories in studying Russian in a Chinese secondary school.

Background. Research on emotional intelligence (EI) has a long history, however, most of it has been focused on understanding EI as an ability, and the existing studies of latent profiles of EI as a trait have been conducted mainly on European samples.

Objectives. The study had its purpose to identify commonalities and differences in emotional intelligence between Russian and Chinese adult people.

Study Participants. A total of 698 people: 1) 312 Chinese participants aged 18 to 55 years (Mage = 29.16; σ = 11.34), of which 120 were men (32.9%); 2) 386 Russian participants aged 18 to 60 years (Mage = 24.96; σ = 8.0), of which 126 were men (38.5%).

Methods. The study implemented the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (TEIQue) adapted in Russian by Kornilova (2023) which includes four scales: Well-Being, Sociality, Emotionality, and Self-Control. Processing the data obtained included correlation analysis, the latent class analysis, comparison method, and cross-cultural analysis. AIC, BIC, aBIC, aLRT were used.

Results. In general, the latent class analysis demonstrated the possibility of identifying two classes of individuals in both the Russian and Chinese samples - differing in all 4 EI components in the Russian sample and in 3 components in the Chinese sample. The identified groups are characterized by different combinations of indicators of well-being, negative emotionality, and self-control. A cross-cultural difference between the two samples was found, which manifests itself in a discrepancy between Russian classes in "sociality" (high or low with higher or lower "self-control"), which is practically absent in the Chinese sample.

Conclusions. Latent structures of EI traits in a cross-cultural comparison of Russian and Chinese samples show more similarities than differences; the latter are manifested in the presence vs absence of discrepancies between the levels of sociality among the classes identified in both samples. Latent class analysis indicates no gender differences in the structure of emotional intelligence in the Russian sample, while revealing some differences in "sociality" in the Chinese sample.

Background. Machine learning methods turn to be an effective tool for data processing and provide ample opportunities for analyzing the results of psychodiagnostics. At the same time, they have a number of advantages over traditional correlation, factor, regression analysis and allow for a systemic analysis of latent relationships between psychological indicators. Search, analysis, and interpretation of latent indirect relationships between features is one of the key problems in modern psychology. In this regard, the "decision tree" method provides wide opportunities for researchers.

Objective. To demonstrate the capabilities of the "decision tree" method in the processing of multidimensional psychodiagnostics data using specific examples.

Study Participants. The study involved different groups of respondents for processing of heterogeneous original psychodiagnostics data: parents of preschoolers (496 mothers), 83 pre-adolescent schoolchildren (aged 11-12), 79 adolescent schoolchildren (aged 14-16).

Methods. The results of two or more tests were analyzed simultaneously. The study implemented "Parental Attitude Research Instrument" (PARI) by Schafer & Bell, "Analysis of family relationships" by Eidemiller, the Tapping test by Ilyin, the Cattell Culture Fair Intelligence Test, the 12-factor personality questionnaire by Cattell (CPQ), the "Unfinished sentences" test by Michal, the personality test by Rogers & Diamond, and the 14-factor personality questionnaire by Cattell (14 PF). Data processing algorithms were implemented on the DEDUCTOR analytical platform.

Results. Using the «decision tree» method, a large number of psychological traits were classified according to their relationship to different target attributes (psychological characteristics). The study demonstrated the possibilities of the proposed data processing algorithm for evaluating the latent connections between psychological characteristics and for building the hierarchical structures corresponding to vertical system data analysis. In particular, the proposed tool allowed for identifying the relationships between individual psychological and psychosocial characteristics of pre-adolescent schoolchildren (aged 11-12); between personality traits and adaptation characteristics of 14-15-year-old teenagers; between parental attitudes and family relationships among preschoolers' mothers.

Conclusions. The "decision tree" method allows for the analysis of latent relationships between heterogeneous psychodiagnostics data by the level of significance of input features, even without analyzing the structure of the "tree" itself. The method makes it possible to identify the range of values of psychological features in which the intrasystemic relationships are more stable. The data analysis demonstrates the influence of IQ indicators as individual psychological characteristics on the results of schoolchildren testing. Verbal and non-verbal intelligence (14-PF questionnaire and Cattell Culture Fair Intelligence Test) appear to be significant indicators in the interrelations of psychological features.

Background. The current existential threats facing Russian society inevitably intensify the processes of its militarization, which makes it relevant to analyze the cultural and historical foundations as well as the socio-psychological conditions of its development. Militarization as a complex multi-aspect concept requires a comprehensive study in a broad socio-psychological context.

Objective. The study had its purpose to conduct a theoretical analysis of the phenomenon of militarization of public consciousness.

Methods. The analysis of the phenomenon under study implemented the method of highlighting key ideas and conclusions contained in scientific publications on the problem over the past two decades, describing the multifactorial picture of the phenomenon determination. Theoretical modeling was also used.

Results. Based on the conducted theoretical analysis of the evolution of the phenomenon of militarism in Russian society, a theoretical model has been constructed that comprehensively describes the socio-psychological characteristics of the process of militarization of public consciousness.

Conclusions. The presented analysis of theoretical and empirical research on the problem allows to consider the militarization of public consciousness as a natural process developing due to objective political, economic and social factors as well as subjective social representations and attitudes of a person towards paramilitary practices. It is advisable to consider the process of militarization in its two main aspects — as the militarization of society as a whole and as the military socialization of an individual considering paramilitary practices as preferable.

Background. Pediatric palliative care is provided comprehensively to the whole family having its main purpose to improve the quality of life of the patient and his family. Identifying the actual needs of the family and the child is necessary, as this can help improving the quality of care provided. Current problems, difficulties, and needs should be analyzed taking into account the family's place of residence, standard of living, and other socio-demographic characteristics.

Objectives. The study is aimed to identify the current needs of mothers of children in need of pediatric palliative care living in the Leningrad region.

Study Participants. The study involved 102 women (mean age 39.7 ± 6.365) raising children aged 1 to 18 years in need of palliative care (total number of 104 children, mean age 10.10 ± 4.698). Currently, families receive pediatric palliative care and live in the Leningrad region. The child's disease was detected during infancy.

Methods. The study was conducted using the author's socio-demographic questionnaire designed to identify the current needs of mothers of children in need of palliative care. Spearman's rank correlation criterion was used to perform correlation analysis.

Results. Based on the obtained socio-demographic data, the analysis allowed to identify three groups of urgent needs of mothers of children in need of palliative care: 1) material; 2) social; 3) physical and psychological.

Conclusions. The results made it possible to identify social and psychological targets, such as providing "social respite", support from charitable organizations, psychological support to reduce the intensity of negative experiences, and building social contacts.

Background. In the context of the rapid growth of digital commerce and active implementation of artificial intelligence (AI) in marketing practices, personalization turns to be one of the key strategies for interacting with consumers. In the context of e-commerce personalization is considered as individualized product recommendations, price offers and advertising messages based on the user data and AI algorithms. This transforms consumers behavior, increasing their engagement, but at the same time boosting the risks of manipulative influence. In this regard, it seems relevant to analyze how personalization affects the formation of digital trust and consumer behavior.

Objective. The study had its purpose to assess how personalization affects consumer trust and behavior.

Study participants. The study involved 140 digital consumers (including 100 women) aged 20 to 40 years (mean age 28 years).

Methods. The study implemented a survey method using a structured online questionnaire distributed using a simple random sampling method. Statistical data processing included cluster analysis, Pearson's Chi-Square test, and graphical visualizations to identify trends.

Results. The data analysis allowed to reveal three consumer segments in the sample under study which are characterized by a specific consumer behavior: 1) Security-Conscious Consumers value trusted brands and transparent personalization, 2) Price-Sensitive Consumers respond well to discount-driven personalization but exhibit lower impulse tendencies, and 3) Impulse Buyers are highly influenced by AI-driven recommendations and urgency-based marketing.

Conclusion. Personalization can foster trust or drive impulsive buying, depending on consumer type. Business should implement ethical AI-driven personalization, enhance trust through transparency, and balance personalization with consumer autonomy.

Background. At present, the question of finding additional resources to improve the performance of competitive activity of Russian athletes is quite acute. The personal potential of an athlete is one of the significant indicators ensuring high sports results.

Objectives. To identify the components of personal potential predictive for the competitive performance.

Study Participants. The study involved 243 athletes, men and women aged 18 to 40, participants of the I-st All-Russian Spartakiade of the strongest athletes in 2022 (M = 25.55; SD = 4.95; 31.3% of men). The sports included sambo, judo, boxing, fencing, track and field, and shooting.

Methods. The author's questionnaire 'Personal Potential' was implemented in the study. The scales of the questionnaire allow for assessing the general level of personal potential and its five components: engagement, conscientiousness, positivity, internality, and independence. To assess the results of competitive activity, the results of performance (from the 1st to the 10th place) were taken into account.

Results. Nonparametric analysis of variance revealed some differences among athletes of different sport disciplines in the general index of personal potential and its components 'engagement' and 'positivity', while no differences were observed in the components 'conscientiousness', 'independence', and 'internality'. Multiple regression analysis allowed to identify personal potential components contributing to the performance of athletes depending on the type of sport. For sambo athletes the significant components are 'engagement', 'conscientiousness', and 'independence'; for judoists, 'engagement' is a significant predictor only when taking into account the level of sportsmanship; for athletes engaged in boxing, 'independence' is significant only when taking into account the age factor; for track and field athletes 'conscientiousness' and 'positivity' are significant; for athletes engaged in shooting, 'positivity', 'independence' and 'internality' contribute to the result of competitive activity; for athletes - fencers - 'positivity' and 'conscientiousness'.

Conclusion. Personal potential and its components are manifested in all athletes differently depending on the sport. The developed diagnostic tool for the personal potential assessment can serve for predicting the performance of competitive activity and can be used in the programs of psychological support of athletes during preparation for major competitions.

Background. The number of self-employed (people who work "for themselves") is growing in Russia, while there are various forms of self-employment, depending on the specifics of their professional activities. The question of whether the self-employed people's activity can be considered entrepreneurial is important both for empirical research and for practitioners developing various support measures for this population group.

Objective. The study had its purpose to identify the differences between self-employed people (project creators, freelancers, contract self-employed) and entrepreneurs in the representations of their professional activity.

Study Participants. 46 entrepreneurs (mean age = 42 years, SD = 8, 66% — women) and 150 self-employed individuals (mean age = 38 years, SD = 10, 75% — women), engaged in activities primarily in Moscow and the Moscow region.

Methods. Data collection was carried out through online survey. The study implemented the Methodology for Researching Professional Identity (Schneider, 2007); methods of comparative and frequency analysis, exploratory factor analysis, and one-way analysis of variance.

Results. Analysis of the self-employed people's activity allows for classifying this group of population based on the nature of their activities: project creators, freelancers, contract self-employed individuals. A comparative analysis of the data obtained from representatives of these groups, as well as entrepreneurs, demonstrated that in the representations of their professional activities, project creators and freelancers have the semantic cores of "competence" and "independence", while contract self-employed do not have the core of "independence". In terms of professional ambitions (the "entrepreneurial" factor), contract self-employed individuals differ from entrepreneurs (MD = –0.810, p < 0.001), project creators (MD = –0.890, p = 0.004), and freelancers (MD = –0.635, p = 0.003).

Conclusions. Project creators' representations of professional activity most closely resemble those of entrepreneurs, and their activities are most similar to entrepreneurial work. Freelancers' representations also share similarities with those of entrepreneurs, but freelancing only partially reflects entrepreneurship. Contract self-employed individuals' representations significantly differ from those of entrepreneurs, and their activity cannot be classified as entrepreneurial.

Abstract

Background. Living conditions in modern society are marked by unprecedented volatility in economic and educational systems, presenting novel challenges for sustaining professional development trajectories of youth. This paradigm underscores the critical need to investigate psychological resources that foster career adaptability, particularly amidst escalating stress loads and uncertainty.

Objectives. The study had its purpose to investigate the psychological resources determining inter-individual variability in students’ career adaptability as the most important characteristic of the professional development of personality.

Study Participants. The study involved 1,701 Russian students (54.32% female) aged 16 to 25 years (M = 18.23, SD = 1.46).

Methods. The research was conducted using a cross-sectional design with valid and reliable psychodiagnostic questionnaires and modern data analysis methods, including machine learning. Data collection was carried out via the online platform "Testograf". Data processing was performed in MS Excel and JASP ver. 0.19.03. Statistical analysis included Spearman’s correlation, a machine learning classification algorithm (decision tree), and Kruskal–Wallis test.

Results. The study allowed to develop a model of predictors of students’ career adaptability. It shows that the most adaptive students, as a rule, have the developed skills of conscious self-regulation, a high level of psychological well-being, and a pronounced temporal orientation toward the future. For students who may have deficient regulatory resources, a greater level of psychological well-being combined with future orientation enhances the possibilities of professional realization. High chronic stress reduces career adaptability; however, this effect is observed only in case of deficient psychological resources, in particular, low levels of conscious self-regulation and psychological well-being.

Conclusions. Conscious self-regulation, psychological well-being, future orientation, and chronic stress severity are predictive for students’ career adaptability. The study emphasizes the importance of an integrated approach to understanding the mechanisms of professional development of young people, taking into account general patterns and individual differences in its trajectories. The practical prospects of the study are related to the development of psychological and pedagogical support programs for students aimed at improving their career adaptability through the development of conscious self-regulation skills (regulatory competencies), the formation of a positive time perspective, stress management, and psychological well-being maintenance.